備忘録: 2022-3 英検１級 英文要約など

昨日休みだったので勉強がてらやってみました。

Readingの読解問題の英文の要約・英作文の構成例

（あくまで備忘録。正確性は無保証です。）

PART 2A 要約
Northern Australian Aboriginal peoples believe that certain bird species known as firehawks taught humans how to manipulate fire. These birds, including brown falcons, black kites, and whistling kites, have been observed grasping burning branches and transporting them to other locations, causing new fires that force smaller creatures to flee and become easy prey for the birds. While some skeptics suggest that the birds may accidentally pick up burning branches in their talons, researchers have gathered numerous testimonials by firefighters and local indigenous people, as well as their own observations, to support the theory that the birds are intentionally igniting fires. This challenges the prevailing assumption that only humans use fire as a tool and could have implications for firefighting policies. The researchers plan to perform controlled experiments and collaborate with Aboriginal rangers to gain a deeper understanding of firehawks' habits.

PART 2B 要約
Lev Kuleshov was a Russian filmmaker who believed that the arrangement of individual shots in a film was more important than the content of the shots themselves. He established the principle of montage, which could manipulate viewers’ interpretations of images. One example of this is the Kuleshov effect, where a neutral shot of an actor was followed by different images, each resulting in different interpretations from viewers. While some film scholars believe that context can provide meanings not inherent in images, the manipulation of context around individual shots is still a widely used tool in modern cinema and can affect viewers' emotional response to them.

PART 3A 要約
The introduction of horses by the Spanish to the southern plains of the United States had a transformative impact on the Comanche tribe. They embraced a mounted lifestyle and became undisputed masters of horseback military tactics, dominating a huge region. Horses became their primary source of wealth, and a hierarchy formed within the tribe based on horse ownership. However, the large-scale grazing required for the horse economy resulted in the depletion of bison herds, causing periodic famines for the tribe. The raiding activities enabled by horseback riding also created conflict with White settlers that eventually led to the Comanche's military defeat.

PART 3B 要約
The agriculture industry is exploring insect farming as a sustainable alternative to animal feed production, which is known for its harmful impact on the environment. However, critics argue that using insects to reduce animal feed costs would only perpetuate industrial animal farming and intensify its problems, including inhumane treatment of livestock and overuse of antibiotics. Furthermore, concerns about the treatment of farmed insects have been raised, as some studies suggest they may possess consciousness and pain perception. While using food waste as insect feed could reduce costs and mitigate environmental damage, the variable nature of food waste could affect the quality of the insects that feed on it, and insect farmers may resort to traditional feed. Nonetheless, some believe that any idea that could reduce the environmental effects of animal feed production should not be dismissed outright, even if insect farming is not a silver bullet solution.

PART 3C 要約
During the American Civil War, economic strategies played a crucial role in the outcome, with the North and South using contrasting methods to finance their military efforts. The South relied heavily on the cotton industry and slavery, refusing to impose taxes and instead printing paper currency, leading to skyrocketing inflation. In contrast, the North introduced a national paper currency backed up by an income tax, preventing inflation. The North also proposed new economic laws, including the Homestead Act and legislation for a national railroad, which helped transform the nation and give the government more authority after the war.

Writing 構成例
Agree or disagree: Industrialization has had an overall beneficial effect on humankind

- Introduction:
    - Industrialization is significant and still affects the world.
    - Some argue it has a negative impact, but overall, it's beneficial.
    - Three reasons will be provided to support this argument.
- First reason:
    - Industrialization revolutionized how we live and work.
    - Machines and mass production make goods cheaper and more accessible.
    - This led to improved living standards and greater economic prosperity.
- Second reason:
    - Industrialization spurred innovation and technological advancement.
    - Improvements in medicine, transportation, and communication have been made.
    - Great strides in improving our quality of life and expanding our knowledge.
- Third reason:
    - Industrialization facilitated globalization.
    - People and cultures have been brought closer together through international trade and travel.
    - Greater understanding of differences and similarities has been developed.
- Conclusion:
    - Industrialization has had negative consequences, but overall, it has been overwhelmingly beneficial.
    - Increased production, technological advancements, and globalization have improved our lives in countless ways.
    - Its legacy will continue to shape our world for generations to come.

iPod miniを落としたらケースが割れた。

もう入手不能なものなので残念。